Meter



Nov. 13, 1923. I I v I Re. 15,724

I R. F. SCHUCHARDT METER Original Filed July 5, 1919 '7 Sheets-Sheet 2 g Ht [n ven tor-3 Rudo/ph Freder/bk Schuchardt,

N09. 13, 1923. Re. 15,724

R. F. SCHUC-HARDT METER Original Filed July 5, 1919 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 In ventor':

fl/lsAtt omey.

Nov. 13, 1923. Re. 15,724

R. F. SCHUCHARDT METER Original Filed July 5, 1919 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 V H 155. g

' lnven tor: Rudo/ h/reder/c/r Schuchardt,

HAS/415230 r-n syn I Nov. 13, 1923. 0 Re. 115,724

R. SCHUCHARDT METER Original Filed July 1919 '7 Sheets-Sheet 5 0" .90 /ao' 270 aw" Huo040/7 FF-eder/bk Schuchar-dt,

His At torweyz Nov. 13', 1923. 1 Re. 15,724

R. F. SCHUCHARDT METER Griginal Filed July 5, 1919 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 7 fr: vent-0r:

lPuoo/ph Freder/c/f Jchuc/varvt.

by a {2;

R in d Nov. 13, 1923.

* UNITED S ATES QFFICR nUnoLrrr nscnucmnr, or cmcaeo, Imam, assrenon in Guam nmo'rmo o'olrranma conronarrolt' or on];

QU T

Original 1n. 1,370,1 1, dated larch 1, 1921, Serial n. 308,706, ma July a, 1919. Application n annealed in, a; 192;. serial an. 36,452.

To all whom it Wat y concern:

Be it known that ,I, RUDOLPH F. SoHU-. CHARD'I', a citizen of the United States residin at Chica o, mum county of (look and tate of Illmois, have invented a certain new and useful ImpMveniehtjn'MetrS, of which the following is a full, clear, eoncise, and exact description; reference being had to the ac'companyin drawings, form- 10 i apart ofthissp'eci cation. I y invention relates to meters. The consumer of electricpoweris chargedin general upon "the broadbasis of the service which 'herequires from the central station. The primary measure of the "charge is based on the amount of power used, but this has generally not'b'een considered represent- 'a'tive of the service which he obta ns, and other items have taken into" account. Oneof these items involves the rate at which thepower is'drawn or thezdemandthat he makesupon the" central station." Another item that is generally taken" into account in thefcase ofalternatlng current systems is the cha'racter'of the "currenflthat is "drawn, which is describ'edin termsof powerfa'cto'r. HenceQtakin'gthe above items into account, it would desirable to have means for determining; indicating, and "recording the following uantitiear 1. The total. amount of power drawn either in kilowatts"or kilovolt amperes; '2. The average power factor at'which the load is drawnfand 3. The maximum demand in terms of kil-- owatts or kilovolt' amperes iora typical period such as ahalf hour. 1

With regard to the first and third points, itwould be desirable to have the'meter re- 40 cord both inKW as well as in KVA. In the same manner it is desirable to record the maximum de'mandin terms of KVA as well In my copending reissue application filed' concurrentiy herewith and assigned to the same-"assignee as the present lnvention, I

t have {shown mechanism and a method of recordingthe'totgl' amount of po'werdrawn in terms of KW;'the average power factor at which it ie-lh-awn and the maximum demand in terms of KW. i 1;:

In o der to form a correct estimate of the nature of the load it is nemary; to combine the power factor with the KW load in order to fix" a proper charge.

Heretofore, no suitable means has been provided for measuring total 'KVAOr for measuring maximum demand in terms of- KVA; v

It is the ob'ect of my invention to provide a meter evice whichwill measure interms of KVA the maximum demand and the total amount of power used." My invention also provides means for measuring and indicating at the same time the total KW andthe maximum demand in KW. The

same may be employed for measuri and indicating the average power-factor $5 the power factorov'er a given period such as a halfhour durin which the maximum demand is'meas'ure' In order'to acquaint those skilled in the art with" the manner 'of constructing and practising'my invention, a detailed description ofaf device' e'mbodying the invention will now be given' in connection withthe accompanying drawings.

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic layout of a system embodying my invention for indicat ing' maximum demand in terms of KVA for agiven period} ig; 2"is a diagrammatic sectional view taken on'the line'22 ofFig; 1;

Fig.' 3 is a similar view talte'n on the line I 3 .3of Fig. 1; M

Fig. 4 is a similar view taken .on the line 4-40f Fig.

" Fig. 5 and Fig. 5? shown as two parts of a s stem consist of a diagrammatic la out o my inve ntion as applied to a three phase line and providing means for recording the eriodic demand in terms of KVA and in v I factor forthegiven period;

Fig. 6 indicates diagrammatically another form of connection for a three base line;

t e printing 7 e p na ory d 12 is a diagram of a modification W and for recordingthe power- 10 showing means for recording theperiodio value of KVA power factor, KW, reactive ord made where periodic KVA and total KVA are recorded;

Fig. 14 is a similar fragmentary view showing the record made when periodic KVA total KVA power factor and KW are recorded;

Fig. 15 is a chart or diagram explanatory of the theory'of measuring KVA;

Fig. 16 is a fragmentary view of the record made where the two components are periodically recorded in terms of demand, together with the power factor and the periodic KVA, together with the accumulated values-of the various periodic values; and

Fig. '17 is a similar view showing the values differently placed on the strip.

The means which I provide is preferably of the same general character as described in my above mentioned copending application for measuring power factor. The. invention -n1ay be practised in many different forms and is not necessarily limited to the detailsshown and' described. I provide two wattmeter elements of the integrating type as the responsive element in the line, one of these wattmeters being responsive to power component of the current flowing. and the other being responsive to-wattless component of the current flowing.

Preferably I provide a cylinder having means on its face for indicating KVA in accordance with the axial and rotary position of the cylinder. The cylinder is moved axially to represent the response of the one watt-meter element to the power component and to be. moved rot-arily to represent the response of the other wattmeter element to the reactive component. The-cylinder may obviously be moved in opposite relation by the respective wattmeter elements. The, surface of the cylinder is divided into minute fields preferably on rectangular coordinates to provide separate fields upon which may be inscribed or otherwise indicated the corresponding values of KVA or power factor or any other quantities as by suitable numerals or other indicating or recording.

means. The cylinder may be provided with indications for indicating or recording the value of other geometric or trigonometric functions of the variables to which the wattmeter elements are responsive.

A plane surface or any other surface may be provided instead of a cylindrcial surface and either the surface itself may be moved or-two indicating members operating preferably in different directions to each other and having an intersection which constitute their reference point may be moved across the field to indicate such values. If desired the reference point maybe moved in one direction and the chart in another. In any event the chart is graduated in two dimen sions and relative motion of the chart and the reference point may be secured in any preferred manner.

Considering first, Figs. 9 to 11 and 15, I shall briefly explain the theoretical nature of the chart or surface and its relation to the quantities to be measured.

In alternating current the relation between the electromotive force and the flow of current broadly. may be represented by the curves shown in Fig. 9. The curve 1 which represents the .elect-romotive force is shown in this case as leading the curve 2, which represents current .bythe angle 9 which in this case is shown as approximately 30. In harmonic motion the angle passed over represents the time elapsed.

The relation between electromotive force and currentmay be indicated in vectors or polar coordinates as is shown in Fig. 10. In this figure the line OE represents the direction and value of the electromotive force and the line OI represents total current flowing. It. will be seen that the vector )1 lags behind the vector OE by the angle a Taking the line OE as a base line and weualizing the expression for power, namely, power equals EI cos. q, we may assume that. the vector ()I which represents current is made up of the two components OK and XI; The component OX represents the inphase or power component while'the vector ()1 represents the reactive or wattless component of current. The one wattmeter element willre'spond to the power component and the value of this component may be represented by the line 4. The other wattmeter element is responsive to the reactive component and the value of this component may be indicated by the line 3. Having predetermined the fact that these two components are at right angles to each other the other functions of the triangle may readily be evaluated from the well known laws of the right angle triangle.

Whereas in my prior application the particular consideration was the measurement of the angle of lag, the cosine of which is taken as the power factor and this angle being in fact independent of the length of the sides the present invention is concerned 'two wattmeter elements do in fact take into account the product of the particular component of current and electromotive force and consequently the length of the sides 3 means which .I

and 4 willalways be proportionalto thev product of electromo'tive force and the particular component and as a result the length of the side 5 willalwavs be proportional to the absolute value of KVA. v

. The means which I have provided evaluates the component 5 through the medium of a chart graduated in two dimensions. Consider the chart as shown'in Fig. 11 and assume that the vector ()1 be laid out at the proper angle with the base line OE. \Vhilc the value of the vector OI in terms of length ma be the same for a great number of .di erent values of the angle a each par ticular position may be analyzed into the component OX and XI. However, as the rov'ideis responsive to the components 0 by the values in rectangular coordinate or the hypotenuse of a triangle having the sides of a length of three units and seven units respectively and the natural consequence is that the length of the hypotenuse must be 7.62 units. Therefore, the value 7.62 may .be laced within the square designated.

he other functions of the triangle may be placed in the square if such information is desired. Thus, ,for instance, besides the value in kilovolt amperes there may be placed the value of watts, the value of the reactive component, and the cosine of the an le or power factor if desired.

hus, the chart shown in Fig. 7 is graduated in terms of the hypotenuse of the tri angle determined by the two sides, the value of which is reactive component and power component respectively.-. The chart may be otherwise graduated as above indicated. In Fig. 8 I have shown a chart for indicating the periodical values of KVA, of power factor and of KW. i

In Fig. 8'? the chart is shown as graduated in terms of KVA, power factor, KW and reactive component.

In Fig. 1 I have indicated diagrammatically a single phase transmissionline L, connecte'tlby the wires 6-7 with the customers load 8 which may consist of any desired power cagn-suming apparatus.

The two wattmeter elements 10 and 11 are suitably connected to wires and 7 to give indications of the power component and and XI and the desired" result is the'value of the vector OI in terms and rotatively respectively.

to the reactive component respectively. The wattmeter elements 10 and 11 are the integratin type having the rotating elements 12 an 13-shown in dotted line. The coils H and 15 are connected in series with the load 8, and the, pressure coils 17 and 15 are suitably connected across the mains 6 and 7, the wattmeter element 11 being provided witl1.1neans which will provide a component operating at substantially 90 degrees to the electromotive forcein the coil 17 of the meter 10. This means is indicated as the inductance 20 although any suitable construction of wattmeter element may be employed.

The particular manner of constructing the wattmeter forms no part of the present invention, and a detailed description of the same is, therefore not essential.

The rotatable elements 12 and 13 govern the normally open contacts 21 and 22, these contactsbeing closed at the completion of a revolution of the corresponding rotatable members, or any suitable part of a revolu-' tion thereof as may be desired. v I provide a common element controlled by the two wattmeter elements, in this case the cylinder 23, having motion in two directions, namely, in an axial or longitudinal direction and in a rotary direction respectively. These two motions are controlled by the wattmeter elements 10 and 11 respectively. The axial component represents the component lying along the line OX in Fig. 10, namely the power component, and the rotational motion is represented by the component lying on the line XI .in the same figure, namely the wattless or'reactive component.

The cylinder '23 is mounted upon a shaft 24 and is provided with the lifting ratchet 25 and the rotating ratchet 26, by means of which this cylinder may be moved axially The lifting ratchet 25 is provided with a holding pawl 27 and the rotary ratchet 26 is provided with a similar holding pawl 28. An actuating pawl member 29, operated by the solenoid 30 is controlled by the wattmeter element 10 to raise the cylinder 23in step by step motion. The circuit for the solenoid 30' is formed as follows: 7

From the battery or source ofcurrent 31 through the wire 32 to the contact 21, wire 33 through'the winding of the solenoid 30 an hen back to battery over thewire 34. Thus for each closing of the contact 21 at the power wattmeter 10 the cylinder 23 will be advanced axially by one step. An operating solenoid 35 for rotating the drum is controlled by the contact 22 over the following circuit: from battery 31 over the wire 32 through the contact 22, wire 37, through the winding of the solenoid 35 and back to battel-y 31 over the wire 38. It is thus apparent that the printing cylinder 23 is advanced one step rotarily for each closing of the contact 22 by the reactive wattmeter 11;

The holding pawls 27 and 28 respectively are controlled by the solenoids 39 and 40 v respectively and these holding pawls are withdrawn periodically to reset the printing cylinder 23 for the beginningof the next period. 1 In this connection it is to be noted that I provide a spring 41 of the spiral type at the lower end of the shaft 24 through the medium of a sleeve 42 which is keyed to the shaft 24, but which permits axial movement of the shaft with respect to said sleeve.

well as the disk Thus, when the solenoids 39 and 40 are energized to withdraw the holding pawls 27 and 28 respectively the spring 41 moves the drum 23 back to its new position with respect to motion of rotation and the weight of thedrum andconnected -parts lowers the drum aziially to its zero position with respect to the axial motion. 1

The solenoids 39 and 40 which control the resetting are in turn controlled bya suitable time controlled contact shown in this case as k 43. The disk 43 as is suitably driven at a predetermined rate by time controlled mechmounted on the anism in this case illustrated by the clock 45. Thus whenever the contact'between the brushes 46 and 47 is closed the printing cylinder. 23 is reset.

' I have provided means for periodically recording the position of the cylinder, and

therebyrecording the periodic value of the -KVA. This record is made by means of the record strip of p'aper'48 which strip is fed from the supply roll- 49 to the takeup roll the contact brush 54 and the rotary contact making disk '44 so that periodically the printing magnet 53 is energizedto make arecord of the reading of the cylinder 23, and the paper feeding magnet 51 is energized to advance the paper after the printing opf'eration. The feeding ratchet mechanism 52 illustrated in the deener'gized position of Imagnet '51. I have shown the contact disk 44 as provided with numerous contacts for making frequent records of the readings of the cylinder 23, but it is to be understood that only one printing operation may be performed for each period, and that preferably at the end of the "period just before the cylinder 23 is reset..

' The printing magnet 53 is provided'witha printing platen55 which is of substantially the same size .asthe squares or rectangles provided on the cylinder 28 era that only the current windin v the demand in KV figure directly under the platen 55 will be printed upon the record strip 48. The platen 55 thus performs the function of a reference point for the cylinder 23. The above is an exemplification only and is not the only manner in which the cylinder may be graduated.

I have shown ten steps in each direction but it is to be understood that the number of steps maybe varied and preferably should be considerably increased. Where it isdesired merely to indicate and not to record, a stationary reference point may be employed and the square or indication which is brought into register with the reference point then determines the reading of the instrument. y

Instead of employing tworelease magnets 39 and 40 a single magnet may serve to release both of the holding pawls 27 and 28.

While a cylindrical drum is preferable for reducing the size of the apparatus, it is to be understood that a moving surface of any other character might be employed so long as this surface has a motion in two directions with respect to the reference point and is suitably graduated or inscribed togive the proper values of KVA.

In Figs.5. and 5' I have shownthemanner of connecting the device of my invention to'a three phase load circuit. In this case the three phase load is connectedto the, mains 61 through the leads 62. The ower wattmeter element 10 is provided wit two 63 and 64.respectively, andthe two. potential windings '65 and 66 respectively. These windings are connected inany well known'manner to the leads 62 as by means of two current transformers 67 and 68 disposed in series relation to the two phases of load60 and the tential transformers 69 and '70 respect vely connected is provided Wlth' two current coils 71 and 72 and with two pressure coils 73 and 74 respectively. The current coils 71 and 72 are connected in series'with' the secondaries of lie the current transformers 67 and 68. The

pressure coils are connected so .as to receive only a component at right angles to the flow of current.

The cylinder 23' shown in Fig.5 is protype for indicatin and tinting not only, for t e period, but gilso the power factor and the KW for the same period. The surface of thecylinder 23' is shown asdeveloped in Fig. 8. It is ap rent that a greater number of steps ma vanta eously employed, although to numher '0 ste is not of the essence of the invention.

e platen 75 which strikes the recording strip .48 against the type of the cylinder 23' is made of the proper size to the 'particu embrace the three small corresponding faces or areas. Thus, are recorded side by side on the recording strip 48 the KVA demand for the particular period, the demand for the same period in KW and the power factor over that riod. In other respects not above mentioned the system shown in F igs. 5 and 5 is the same as that shown in Fig. 1. I v p As explained ,in my copending applicationthe 'chart which forms the face of the drum may be constructed so that ifthe number of steps made by th actuating magnet is greater than the-number of steps which the drum will permit, the drum Wllli giveindication of this fact so that error in the particular reading may be guarded against so that a lar' r drum may be provided for at installation where the same is necessary. v

In Fi 6, I haye illustrated themanner in whic' the pressure coils of the wattmeter elements, may be connected to the mains to secure the desired readings, The pressure coils of the power wattmeter ele ment 10 are connected across two phasesof the line; but-thepressure coils of the reactive wattmeter 11 are connected to the coils mansion on as totalizerwheel8O, thereby tificial load-may tion as it may be varied. Instead of con,-.

necting to the windings of the service transformers as indicated at 77, in ig. 6, an ar- I I provided through which connections may bemade'. k I I In Fig. 12, I have in'dic ated dia m} mat-ically a modification of a form/of evice shown in Figs. oand 5, in which totali zing counters for totalizing Ipower component, reactive component, and v I The numeral wheels 80 and 130 have inscribed thereupon characters suitable for printing, these characters reading in terms of total Power component or actual KW. Mid

in tota reactive omponent respectively, The numeral wheels 80 are operated by the electromagnet 82 whichia connected inv ries with the verticalstepping magnet 30,50

that for eyery operation of the vertical ste ing mag et 30 another unit is added an. e

registering continuously the increase actual wer'consumed. In thgsame way the totahzer magnet 132 isarranged, in series with the rotary stepping magnet 40. and

i serves to accumulate or totalize the amount of. reactive omponent over an {given time.

I have provided; further a. K A totalizing" drum, 126, which in' principle isof thesaine' character as the drums23,' 23' and the like, adapted to be operated axiallyandrotarily by the st ipping magnets'127 and 1-28 msi t1vely. "e' stepping magnet 127 has a suitable pawl arrangement for engaging the- VA are provided.

axial ratchet 125 and the rotary stepping magnet 128. also has a suitable pawl for engaging. the rotary ratchet 129. The drum 126 and the ratchets 125 and 129 are suitably connected by a shaft 130, the result being that the drum 126 is capable of the same motions' as thedrum 23 or 23. The axial ste ping magnet127is connected by a suitable circuit 131-152 to the battery 31 through the medium of the ontacts 153. These contacts 153 are subjectto theaction of the pin 154 which-pie operated in unison with one of the register wheels 80. Thus. for a cycle of operations representin a certain amount of power component or V the stepping magnet 127 will be operated a single unit.

- ,The rotary step ing ma I trolled over a simi ar circuit 135,-136 and contacts 137. The contacts l37'are adapted to be closed by the pin 138,- which pin is connected to one ofthe numeralwheels 130, and closes the circuit 13513 6 for a cycle of operations'representing a predetermined unit of the reactivecoinponent. Theyectorl addition of the two components in' thus eifected by means of the cylinder 126 which is a totalizer for KVA. This cylinder m ybe arran ed. to print-its indication upon the recor strip 48 if so desired or a separater'ecord. strip 140, a d a suitable" printing magnet or other mechanism 141, may be provided.- VI I The printing magnets 83 and 131 "and the pi'int-ingmagnet'lfi l if desired, ma be con: nected 1n series with the printing magnet c? so thata simultaneous operation of printing may be caused. This printing operation takes place just before ,thepaper advancin' mechanism. is operated,- consequently eac indicat on will periodically be printed u 'n a fresh surface. I It is. to be assumed tat sutable connections for the integratin wattmeterelements12 and 13 are provide For instance, as shown in Figs l, 5 and poor any other suitable or preferred connection ma beenipl'oyed HI *1 l he operation of a system will apparent from the above description. Suflice it to say that for each cl sure of the contact 21 by the power controlled nieterelement 12 the vertical stepping magnet 30 will raise the 23' y n omp si e M i ilarly clo n of the contact 22 by t e wattmeter element will cause energization of the rotary stepa 128s. Colinent and the totals of the same.

quantities may be combined in an indication of the maximum demand in KVA.

At the same time the demands in KVA are integrated into atotal over any given period or as a continuous accumulation.

The record strips which may be made are shown in Figs. 13, 11, 16 and'17 in detail. It is apparent that any one or more of the quantitiesswhich are shown on. this record strip may be omitted if desired and arecord of the others only made. At the end of a given period as controlled by the time controlled mechanism and contact mechanism governed thereby, the circuit for the paper advancing magnet 51 and for the printing magnets 53 and 83 will be energized so that a record is made of the reactive component during a given period, the power component during that period, the average power factor during that period and the KVA durin the period. At the same time the recor of total power component and total KVA may be made if desired.

Fig. 13 shows merely the maximumdemand in kVA'and' the. accumulated KVA, such as would be recorded in a maximum demand meter and an accumulating meter reading in terms of KVA. P

Fig. 14 records' the same quantities, to gether with KW during the periodand the accumulated KW together with the power factor during .that period.

It will be noticed that the demand may be stated in fractions, but the total may be stated'in terms which are not quite the equal of the previous total, plus theperi'odicdemand. This is due to the fact that the total is increased only when the pins 154 and 158 make complete revolutions. The result is that the periodic value is accurate to a higher degree than the accumulated figure. although the degree of error is in terms of percentage not substantially different. The record strip may be given a suitable markin as shown at 160 in Figs. 16 and ,17 to in icate the end of a period. Other suitable indications may be made upon the record if desired.

The values of KVA which appear within.

the square of the charts Figs. (and 8 and 8 may be mathematically determined as in dicated in Fig. 15. Consider the point 1 which lies at the center of one of the squares as typical of all points within the square.

. hypotenuse or This assumption may bemade as nearly correct as may be desired by decreasing the size of the squares. The point P lies a horizon-tal distance of three steps away from the Y axis and lies a vertical distance of T steps or units in a vertical distance from the X axis. The rightangle triangle OX P which ma then be constructed with the P of a length which may be readily, determined bv the well known Pythagorean proposition As the sideOX is three units long and the side X P is seven units long the length of the hypotenuse maybe taken as 7.62. The; power factor may at the same time be determined as a cosine of the an le POX.

The values of K A and of power facto maybe determined in any other way as for instance graphically if desired.

I have illustrated heretofore only rectangular coordinates, but it is to be understood that polar coordinates or a combination of both may be used.

It is to be understood that where an un- V balanced three phase system is tonnected the KVA indication is a summation of the three phases. The power factor indication will be an average indication of thethree phases.

I do not intend to limit theinvention to any particular form of a paratus other than as the same is specifie in the following claims. For the purpose of my invention, it is immaterial whether the surface itself may be moved or whether the reference ppint be moved with respect to the surface. Such embodiment of the invention is ob.-

viously intended to come within the scope of the appended claims. It is also apparent that a partial movement of the surface and a partial moyementof'the reference point may accomplish the same end, namely, that of bringing the proper indication or record ing character into line with the reference point, so that an exact reading and recordmg maybe made. I am aware that my invention includes a number of individually novel features in devices of this character,

and I am,thereforc, making claim to the same.

Inlaying out the chart, the indication which is applied to the unitfield or facet is preferablytaken as the value of the central point. This corresponds to the average value of all points within the field. Any other preferred method orscheme of fixing the values of the indications may be employed.

The unit areas need notbe square. For I fundamental unit, but the multiple unit KVA. is used comn'iercial-ly because it is more convenient. v

I claim:

1. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, characterized by two'variables, inte rating means responsive to one of said variailes, separate integrating means responsive to the other variable and a common movable device. ointly controlled said means comprislng a device for laying.,

out said components at right angles to each other from a given point.

3. Means for simultaneously obtaining the demand of power component, reactive component and apparent'power of an alternatmg current circuit comprising in combina-' tion an integrating-wattmeter for reactive component, an integrating \vattmcter for power component and means controlled jointly by. said wattmeters for combining the power component and the. reactive component measured by said wattmeters over a given period and indicating the result in terms of reactive component, power component and KVA.

4. In combination, an integrating Wattmeter for power component, an inte rating wattmeter for reactive com onent an means controlled jointly by sai wattmeteis for combining the power component and the reactive component measured by said wattmeters overa givenperiod in terms of KVA,

said means consisting of a device for obtaining the comparative value'of the h potenuse of a right angle triangle to t e other side thereof; which sides correspond to the power and reactive'components respectively. Y

5. In combination a line adapted to have current flowin therein, said current being characterized y two variables, namely, inphase component and wattless component,

integrating means responsive to the iii-phase component, integrating means responsive to the wattless component, and'a chart having inscribed thereon the vector suniofthe two ri bl Sa d char be c g d a d i two dimensions and a third meanscooperating with thechai't under' the control of said first andsaid secondmeans' to" select the 'co rre P .nding we c h st r am at sa d tire variables.

n mm n t qn inaada ted. t9 h e went fl 'iiig t a. #1 c rrent being means responsive to the wattless hypotenuse characterized by two variables, namely, in-

phase component and wattless component.

means responsive to the i i-phase component.

component, and a chart having inscribed thereon a vector sum of the two variables, said chart being graduated in two dimensions. a

third means cooperatingwith the chart under the control of said first and said second means to select the corresponding value of the vector sum of said two variables, and means for periodically resetting said chart.

7. The method of indicating maximum demand in terms of KVA over a given period, which'comprises integrating the mstantaneo'us values of the reactive component over said period into predetern'lined units, integrating the instantaneous values of the power component over said period into corresponding predetermined units, laying outv said units as they are completml upon a surface graduated in terms of the of the right angle triangle formed by the two sides of a length corresponding to the units of reactive component and power component, respectively, and indicating by the graduation nearest the point so determined at the end of the period the value of KVA which is the vectorsummit tion of the integrated values of reactive component and of power component.

8.-In combination a pair of meter elements responsive to different characteristics of an electric current, a common indicating element comprising a "chart graduated in two dimensions, and a reference member, said indicating element being movable with respect to the reference member in two dimensions, said indicating element being subject to both meter elements, and adapted to indicate the vector resultant of the two characteristics over a given period of time.

9. The methodof'measuring and recording maximum'demand in terms of KVA of an electric fiow'of power in a line with a surface graduated in two'dimensions from a zero pointin terms of KVA, and a reference member, which comprises, summing up or'integratingthe instantaneous values of reactive component intonn'it's of predeter;

mined value, and when aunit is completed tively to'each other response thereto a unitaryarnount in a given direction'with reference" to the zero positio'n, simultane n ly u min o in tin h instantane'ous values 0 the power component into corresponding units of predetermine d value,

and when aunit of'the latter class is con:-

Ple ed; mbv g h S a and e m er r lati y" o? each e her" n. re p n theme a un ta y wa h s d cta n a ub nt a y I ht if i to" the; fir given im vt cn wit. e e en e to the ztt p t'wh ebr' ai re ne wmba ds rt a ally controlled by each of sai Lcurrent flow any time designate the desired vector summation of the units, and at the end of a given period of time recording the position of the chart, relative to the reference member in terms of KVA. I

10. In combination, a pair of integrating meter elements sensitive to different characteristics of an electric current, a common indicating element comprising a chart aduated in two dimensions in terms of VA, and a reference oint, said indicating element being mova 1e with respect toi the refence point in two dimensions, said indicating element being subject to both meters and adapted to indicate the vector sum or resultant of the two characteristics in terms of KVA 'over a given period, and means for recording said indication.

11. In combination, an integrating meter responsive to a function of the power component flowing in a conductor,- a second integrating meter responsive 'to a function'of the reactive component flowing in a conductor, a chart graduated in two dimensions in termsof the vector summation of the two components, and reference means for selecting an indication on the chart, said reference means and said chart being relatively movable with respect to each other.

12. In combination, a line adapted'to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variables, inte ting means responsive to one of said varia les, inte atin means responsive to the other of said variables, a chart member graduated in two dimensions into unit areas covering the surface thereof, a cooperatin indicating member, each unit area of sai chart bearing thereupon, the vector-sum of the two dimensions which define the position of said area, one of said members bein individumeansto bring the roper unit area in register with the indicating member to indicate the vector sum of the two variables over a given period.

13. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowin therein, said current being characterized y two variables, integrating means-responsive to one of said variables, integrati means responsive to theother of i-prising a series of contiguous facets exte ding in two dimensions, each facet having thereupon a numeral or indication of the average distance from the zero point of all the points in mid facet, and a coo rating in? dicatin'g member, tone of sai indicating members being individually controlled by each of said means to bring the proper un1t area in register to indicate the vector sum of the two variables. I

14. In combination, a line adapted to have therein, said current being characterized y two variablgintegrating means responsive to one of said variables, inte ating means responsix e to the other of said variables, a chart member comprising a series of contiguous rectan les said surface having a zero point and eacii rectangle having an indication thereon of the approximate distance of said rectangle to the zero point a cooperating indicating member, one

said members being individually controlled by each of said means to bring the proper unit area in register with the indicatlng member to indicate the vector sum of the two variables, and means for periodically recordin said indication.

15. ncombination, integrating means adapted to be responsive to the reactive component of power fiowinge'n a line, integratmg means adapted to responsive to, the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicatin surface graduated in two dimensions in accordance with the KVA which is the vector sum of the two components flowing in the line, and means cooperating with said raduated surface and adapted to be Erought into register with the pro r valuation on said surface to indicate K A, one of said latter two means being controlled jointly by the first two means to bring said surface and said last means into register.-

16. In combination, an indicating element comprising a drum having its cylindrical surface graduated in two dimensions, means responsive to power component for moving the drum in one dimension, and means responsive to reactive com nent for moving the' drum in the other imension, and indicating means adapted to cooperate with the drum and to be brought into register wit the particular portion of the surface of the drum which indicates the vector summation of the two components.

17 The method of indicating and recording maximum dgmand in terms of KVA over a given period which comprises integrating the instantaneous. values of the reactive'component flowing in the line during said period into predetermined units, integrating the instantaneons values of the power component during said period into corresponding predetermined units, laying,

out said units as they are completed upon a surface graduated in functions of the two components and indicatin the vector sum of the two components an making a record of the indicated sum so determined;

18. In combination, an element. having a surface with indications thereon corresponding to various values of KVA, integrating means responsive to the power component of electrical energyflowin in a line and intograting means responsive to the reactive component flowing in said line, both of said means cooperating with the element to cause an indication to be given of the vector sum and of the two components of electrical power flowing in said line.

.19. In combination, means adapted to be ofKVA, said means being influenced by said first two means to give an indication of the power flowing in the line in terms of KVA vector, which is the vector sum of said two components, and means for periodicall recording said indication.

20. n combination, means adapted to be responsive to reactive component of power flowing in a line, means responsive to the power component flowing in said line, a third means comprising an indicating surface influenced by said first two means to give an indication of the vector sum of the two components, and means for periodically recording the reading of said indicating surface. Y

21. In'combination, a line an element havin' an indicating surface, said surface being su divided into unit areas said areas bearing indications corresponding to the average distance of points in each unit area from the zero position of the surface, a first electrical means responsive to the reactive component in said line, a second electrical means responsive to the power component in said lines, means for selecting a particular indication on said surface, said surface being adapted to be brought into register with said latter means by joint action of the first and of the second electrical means to select there bythe value of the distance of a particular surface from the zero position in terms of KVA, and means for periodically returning said surface to the zero position.

22, 'In' combination, a line an element having a surface provided with indications corresponding to values of KVA, means subject to the reactive component insaid line for moving said surface in one direction only, means subject to the power component in said line for moving said surface in another direction only tobring a corresponding indication on' said surface" into register with a predetermined reference position.

23. In combination, a line an element having a surface provided with indications corresponding to values of KVA, means subject tov the. reactive component in said line for moving said surface'in one direction only, means subject to the power component in said line for moving said surface in another directiongonly to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position, and

means for periodically recording the indication which is brought into register with the reference position. I I

'24. In combination, a line an element having a surface provided with indications corresponding to values of 'KVA, means subject to the reactive component in said line for moving said surface in one direction only,

means sub'ect to the power component in said line or moving said surface in an otherdirection only to bring a corresponding indication on said surface into register with a predetermined reference position, and means forperiodically recording the indication which is brought into register with the reference position, and means for resetting the surface immediately after the record has been made.

25. In combination, a line a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsiveto power component in said line, a common indicating element comprising a surface subdivided into unit areas bearing thereupon predetermined values of KVA; meansresponsive solely to the first wattmeter element and means responsive solely to said second wattmeter element, bot-h of said latter means operating said common indicating element independently of each other to givea direct indication of the vector sum of the two components. 26. In combination, a line a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsiveto power component in said line, a common indicating element, means respon sive solely to the first wattmeter element and means responsive solely to said second watt meter element, both of said latter means op-. crating saidcommon indicating element=-in-" dependently of each other to give an. indi cation of the vectors'um of the two components, and means for periodically recording the indication of saidindicating'element.

27. combination, a line a first wattmeter element responsive to reactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsive to power component in said line, a common indicating element, means responsive to the firsgt-wattmeter element and means responsiv said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means, cooperating withsaid common indicating element to give an indication of power factor and of KVA over a given period, said common indicating element bein' graduated in terms riable components, said means comprising 4 an indicating surface graduated unit areas in two dimensions in terms of power factor and KVA.

29. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variable components, means responsive to said two variable components, said means comprising an indicatbeing responsive to one ofsaid variable components only, a common movable means under the control of said two integrating means, said common means being adapted to beadvanoed in accordance with the integrations of said integrating means, said common means comprising an lndicatln'g surface graduated in two dimensions in terms of the vector sum of the two variable components. 31. In combination, a line adapted to have current flowing therein, said current being characterized by two variable components, two integrating means, each of said means being responsive to one of said variable components only, a'common means under the control of said two integrating means, said common means being adapted to be advanced in accordance with the integrations of said integrating means, said common means comprising an indicating surface graduated in two dimensions in terms of the vector sum of the two variable components, said surface being also-graduated in terms of power factor.

32. In combination, a line, a first integrating wattmeter element responsive to reactive component flowing in said line over a given period, a second integrating wattmeter element responsive to power component in said line over the same period, a common indicating element, means responsive to the first wattmeter element, and means responsive to said second wattmeter element, both of said latter means cooperating with said common indicating element togive an indication of the vector summation of the two components over said given period, said indicating element beinggraduated over its ent re surface in terms ofthe trigonometric combinations of various values of components with each other. I

33. In combination, a line, a wattmeter element responsive toreactive component in said line, a second wattmeter element responsiveto power component in said line, a common indicating element, said indicatingelement being graduated in terms of power fac- :.-tor,, and of'power component, means-responsive to the first, wattmeter element, means responsive to the second wattmeter element,

both of said latter means cooperatingwith said common indicating element to ive an indication of power factor. and of K A, and means for simultaneously recording said indications.

34. In a device of the class described for combining two components lying at ri htangles to each other the combination 0% a surface which is subdivided into small areas each area being inscribed with the average distance of that area from the zero position, reference means cooperatingwith the surface, and integrating means responsive to said components for moving the area and the reference means with respect to each other to bring the surface and thereference means into register to indicate the value of the vector sum of the two components over a given period.

35. In combination, an integrating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattineter for reactive component, electric contacts respectively controlled by said wattmeters, electromagnets respectively controlled by said contacts, and means jointly controlled by said electromagnets for combining the power component and the reactive component measured on said wattmeters over a given period in terms of KVA.

36. In combination, a chart having numerous small areas laid out on rectangular coordinates,'each of said areas having in scribed thereupon the average distance of all points lying within the area from the zero position, a reference member adapted to be brought into register with any particular area,'means responsive to one variable for moving the reference point and the chart with respect to each other in one dimens ion, means responsive to another-variable for moving the chart and the reference mcanswith respect to each other in another dimension, and means for periodically recording the registered inscription and resettin said register to zero.

31. In combination, a line, anindicating element graduated in terms of KVA, reference means adapted .to cooperate with the indicating element to select the proper indication on said element, integrating wattmeter means connected to the line and controlling said indicat-in element to bring the indicating element and the reference means into register for indicating the amount of power in termsof KVA'which-has passed through the line over a given period. I

38. In combination, a'line, an indicating element graduated in terms of KVA, reference means adapted to cooperate with the indicating element to select the proper indication on said element, integrating wattmeter means connected to the line and controlling said indicating element to bring the indicating element and thereference means into register fer indicating the amount of III means into register for indicating the amount of power in terms of KVA which has passed through the line over a given period, and means for periodically making a record of the indication of said indicating means.

40. In combination, a line, means controlled by the power component of power flowing to the line, means controlled by the reactive component of power flowing to said. line, a surface having graduations in one direction corresponding to the power component and having aduations in another direction correspon ing to reactive component, and having figures lying substantially at the intersections of said graduations, said figures corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse formed by the two components of corresponding values, a relatively stationary reference member, means controlled by said first means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other in the first direction and means controlled by said second men-. tioned means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other in said second direction.

41. In combination, a line, means controlled by the power component of power flowing to the line, means controlled by the reactive component of power flowing to said line, a surface having graduations in one direction corresponding to the power component and having graduations inanother direction corresponding to the reactive component, and having figures lying substantially at the intersections of said graduations, said figures corresponding to the length of the hypotenuse formed by the two components of corresponding values, a

relatively stationary reference member, means controlled by said first means to move the surface and the reference member with respect to each other in the first direction .and means controlled by said'second mentioned means to move the surfaceand the reference member with respect to each other in said second direction, and means for riodically making a record of the figure rought into register with the reference member.- i

42. In combination, an integrating watt-' meter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component, means controlled jointly by said wattmeters for combining the'power component and reactive component measured by said wattmeters over a givenfperiod in terms of KVA, and means for-periodically returning said first mentioned means to'a zero position.

43. In combination, an integrating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component,v temporary register means for registering the power component, temporary register means for registering the reactive component, and means governed by said temporary register means for combining the two components as measured by said wattmeters in terms of KVA.

14. In combination an integrating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component, and temporary register means for registering the vector sum of the components measured by said wattmeters over a given period.

45. In combination, an integrating wattmeter for power component, an integrating wattmeter for reactive component, a periodically reset device for combining said components to thereby obtain the maximum demand in terms of'KVA, and an accumulating register for registering the total amount of power in terms of KVA.

' 46. In combination an integrating wattmeter element for power component, an integrating wattmeter element for reactive component, temporary register means for registering the 'power component over a given period, and means controlled jointly by said wattmeter elements for measuring the ower flowing over said period in terms of I VA.

47. In combination an integrating wattmeter element for power'component, an in tegrating wattmeter element for reactive component, temporary register means controlled jointly by said wattmeter elements for registering the power in terms of KV A over a given period, an accumulating register for registering the total amount of power component and means for obtaining a record of said KVA registration.

48 In combination a two dimensional chart having its surface subdivided into unit areas, each of said'areas having inscribed thereupon a value of- KVA proportional numerically tothe distance of the area from the reference point and stepping means controlled by the integrated ower flowing in a line cooperating with sald chart to selectv an appropriate one of said areas to indicate power in terms of KVA.

' 49. In a device of the class described, a

two dimensional chart having its surface subdivided into unit areas, said areas havi inscriptions of KVA thereupon in accor ance with the position of said u'nit areas on said chart, means responsive to the power flowing in a line for selecting the appropriate one of said areas to indicate power in terms of KVA, and means for periodically recording the selected inscription.

50. In a device of the character described, a rectangular chart subdivided over its entire --area into a plurality of unit areas defined by two groups of continuous lines which intersect each other, said areas having inscriptions thereon of KVA, the value of each inscription being the vector sum of the value of the position of the particular unit area along one group of lines and the value of the position of said area along the other group of lines, and means responsive to power flowing in a line for bringing the reference number and the particular unit area which has the proper inscription of KVA KVA, the value of each inscription being a vector sum of the value of the position of the particular unit area along one group oflines and the value of the position of the unit area along the other group of lines, and means acted upon by two forces, namely, integrated reactive component and integrated power component cooperating with said chart to select any appropriate one of said areas to indicate KVA'.

52."In a device of the class described, a two dimensional movable chart having a stationary zero point and having its surface subdivided into unit squares by two groups of parallel lines, the lines in each group being at right angles tothe lines of the other group, each square havin thereupon an inscription of KVA, the va ue of the particular inscription being in each case the vector sum of the value of the position of the particular square along one group of lines and the value of the position of the said square along the other group of lineswith refer ence to the said zero point, and means respectively responsive to the integrated right angular components of the apparent energy flowing in an alternating current circuit for moving said chart in two directions at right angles to each other to thereby obtain a measure of the vector sum of said components.

53. The method of continuously indicating KVA accumulated over a predetermined period of time or any portion thereof of the electrical power flowing in a conductor by means of a surface divided with respect to a zero point into unit areas by coordinates and provided with g-aduations on said unit areas in terms of VA, the value of the graduations in each area being the vector sum of the ordinate of said area and the coordinate of the same area, which comprisesintegrating the instantaneous values of the power component of the power flowing in said line. in said period or any portion thereof into predetermined units, integrating the instantaneous values of the reactive component of the power flowing in said line insaid period or any portion thereof into other predetermined units preferably of equal value with the units of power components, laying out said units of reactive components as they are completed lineally along a coordinate of measurement of said surface, and determining at any time the value of-KVA from the graduation of the unit area which is defined in terms of its ordinate by the value of the integrated or accumulated units of reactive components and in terms of its coordinate by the value of the integrated or accumulated units of power component.

54. The method of indicating KVA in a line over a predetermined period .of time which comprises, integrating the instantaneous values of power component over said period into predetermined units, simultaneously integrating the instantaneous values of reactive component over said period into similar predetermined units, moving a common indicating eleinent in one direction with reference to a given zero position in response to the predetermined units of one component, and movin the indicatingelement in a direction that is substantially at right angles to the first direction of movement in response to the units of the second component, and at the end of the period ascertaining the distance of said common indicatin element from said zero position in terms 0 KVA, which is the vector sum of the two classes of units.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand this 17th day of April, 1923.

RUDOLPH F. SCHUCHARDT. 

